PHP前端开发

如何使用 Laravel 创建 REST API

百变鹏仔 2天前 #PHP
文章标签 如何使用

您好!在本教程中,我们将在 laravel 中构建一个完整的 rest api 来管理任务。我将指导您完成从设置项目到创建自动化测试的基本步骤。

第 1 步:项目设置

创建一个新的 laravel 项目:

composer create-project laravel/laravel task-apicd task-apicode .

配置数据库:
在 .env 文件中,设置数据库配置:

db_database=task_apidb_username=your_usernamedb_password=your_password

生成任务表:
运行命令为任务表创建新的迁移:

php artisan make:migration create_tasks_table --create=tasks

在迁移文件(database/migrations/xxxx_xx_xx_create_tasks_table.php)中,定义表结构:

<?phpuse illuminatedatabasemigrationsmigration;use illuminatedatabaseschemalueprint;use illuminatesupportacadesschema;return new class extends migration{    public function up(): void    {        schema::create('tasks', function (blueprint $table) {            $table->id();            $table->string('title');            $table->text('description')->nullable();            $table->boolean('completed')->default(false);            $table->timestamps();        });    }    public function down(): void    {        schema::dropifexists('tasks');    }};

运行迁移以创建表:

php artisan migrate

第 2 步:创建模型和控制器

为任务创建模型和控制器:

php artisan make:model taskphp artisan make:controller taskcontroller --api

定义任务模型(app/models/task.php):

<?phpnamespace appmodels;use illuminatedatabaseeloquentactorieshasfactory;use illuminatedatabaseeloquentmodel;class task extends model{    use hasfactory;    protected $fillable = ['title', 'description', 'completed'];}

第 3 步:定义 api 路由

在routes/api.php文件中,添加taskcontroller的路由:

<?phpuse apphttpcontrollers	askcontroller;use illuminatesupportacadesoute;route::apiresource('tasks', taskcontroller::class);

第四步:在taskcontroller中实现crud

在taskcontroller中,我们将实现基本的crud方法。

<?phpnamespace apphttpcontrollers;use appmodels	ask;use illuminatehttpequest;class taskcontroller extends controller{    public function index()    {        $tasks = task::all();        return response()->json($tasks, 200);    }    public function store(request $request)    {        $request->validate([            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',            'description' => 'nullable|string'        ]);        $task = task::create($request->all());        return response()->json($task, 201);    }    public function show(task $task)    {        return response()->json($task, 200);    }    public function update(request $request, task $task)    {        $request->validate([            'title' => 'required|string|max:255',            'description' => 'nullable|string',            'completed' => 'boolean'        ]);        $task->update($request->all());        return response()->json($task, 201);    }    public function destroy(task $task)    {        $task->delete();        return response()->json(null, 204);    }}

步骤 5:测试端点(vs code)

现在我们将使用名为 rest client 的 vs code 扩展手动测试每个端点 (https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemname=humao.rest-client)。如果您愿意,您还可以使用失眠邮递员

安装扩展程序后,在项目文件夹中创建一个包含以下内容的 .http 文件:

### create new taskpost http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1content-type: application/jsonaccept: application/json{    "title": "study laravel"}### show tasksget http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1content-type: application/jsonaccept: application/json### show taskget http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1content-type: application/jsonaccept: application/json### update taskput http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1content-type: application/jsonaccept: application/json{    "title": "study laravel and docker",    "description": "we are studying!",    "completed": false}### delete taskdelete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1content-type: application/jsonaccept: application/json

此文件可让您使用 rest 客户端 扩展直接从 vs code 发送请求,从而轻松测试 api 中的每个路由。

第 6 步:测试 api

接下来,让我们创建测试以确保每条路线按预期工作。

首先,为任务模型创建一个工厂:

php artisan make:factory taskfactory
<?phpnamespace databaseactories;use illuminatedatabaseeloquentactoriesactory;class taskfactory extends factory{    public function definition(): array    {        return [            'title' => fake()->sentence(),            'description' => fake()->paragraph(),            'completed' => false,        ];    }}

phpunit 配置:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/xmlschema-instance"    xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"    bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"    colors="true">    <testsuites>        <testsuite name="unit">            <directory>tests/unit</directory>        </testsuite>        <testsuite name="feature">            <directory>tests/feature</directory>        </testsuite>    </testsuites>    <source>        <include>            <directory>app</directory>        </include>    </source>    <php>        <env name="app_env" value="testing" />        <env name="bcrypt_rounds" value="4" />        <env name="cache_driver" value="array" />        <env name="db_connection" value="sqlite" />        <env name="db_database" value=":memory:" />        <env name="mail_mailer" value="array" />        <env name="pulse_enabled" value="false" />        <env name="queue_connection" value="sync" />        <env name="session_driver" value="array" />        <env name="telescope_enabled" value="false" />    </php></phpunit>

创建集成测试:

php artisan make:test taskapitest

在tests/feature/taskapitest.php文件中,实现测试:

<?phpnamespace testseature;use appmodels	ask;use illuminateoundation	estingefreshdatabase;use tests	estcase;class taskapitest extends testcase{    use refreshdatabase;    public function test_can_create_task(): void    {        $response = $this->postjson('/api/tasks', [            'title' => 'new task',            'description' => 'task description',            'completed' => false,        ]);        $response->assertstatus(201);        $response->assertjson([            'title' => 'new task',            'description' => 'task description',            'completed' => false,        ]);    }    public function test_can_list_tasks()    {        task::factory()->count(3)->create();        $response = $this->getjson('/api/tasks');        $response->assertstatus(200);        $response->assertjsoncount(3);    }    public function test_can_show_task()    {        $task = task::factory()->create();        $response = $this->getjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");        $response->assertstatus(200);        $response->assertjson([            'title' => $task->title,            'description' => $task->description,            'completed' => false,        ]);    }    public function test_can_update_task()    {        $task = task::factory()->create();        $response = $this->putjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}", [            'title' => 'update task',            'description' => 'update description',            'completed' => true,        ]);        $response->assertstatus(201);        $response->assertjson([            'title' => 'update task',            'description' => 'update description',            'completed' => true,        ]);    }    public function test_can_delete_task()    {        $task = task::factory()->create();        $response = $this->deletejson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");        $response->assertstatus(204);        $this->assertdatabasemissing('tasks', ['id' => $task->id]);    }}

运行测试

php artisan test

*谢谢! *