JavaScript:默认参数、扩展运算符、剩余参数和解构!
文章标签
参数
默认参数
我们可以直接在参数列表中添加默认值
function rolldie(numsides = 6) { return math.floor(math.random() * numsides) + 1;}
这里,需要注意秩序。默认参数只能出现在任何没有默认值的参数之后:
function greet(person, msg = 'hey there', punc = '!') { return `${msgs}, ${person}${punc}`;}
传播
spread 语法允许在需要零个或多个参数(对于函数调用)或元素(对于数组文字)的地方扩展可迭代对象,例如数组,或者在需要零个或多个键的地方扩展对象表达式需要 - 值对(对于对象文字)。 -mdn我们可以在数组上使用展开运算符:
console.log(math.max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2)); // 5const nums = [4, 3, 53, 3, 5, 2, 4, 920, 3, 5, 2];console.log(math.max(...nums)); // 920
我们可以使用展开运算符来连接数组:
const cats = ['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim'];const dogs = ['doggo', 'sir barks a lot'];const allpets = [...cats, ...dogs, 'goldy'];console.log(allpets); //['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim', 'doggo', 'sir barks a lot', 'goldy']
我们可以使用 spread 将属性从一个对象复制到另一个对象:
const feline = { legs: 4, family: 'felidae',};const canine = { family: 'canine', furry: true,};const dog = { ...canine, ispet: true };console.log(dog); // {family: 'canine', furry: true, ispet: true}// note, order matters - the last property takes precidence:const catdog = { ...feline, ...canine };console.log(catdog); // {legs: 4, family: 'canine', furry: true}
在数组和字符串上传播使用索引作为键值:
let newobj = { ...[2, 4, 6, 8] };console.log(newobj); // {0: 2, 1: 4, 2: 6, 3: 8}let anotherobj = { ...'hello' };console.log(anotherobj); //{0: 'h', 1: 'e', 2: 'l', 3: 'l', 4: 'o'}
使用传播的一个更现实的例子是,如果我们想将数据添加到表单中:
const datafromform = { email: 'jim@jimelm.com', password: '1234', username: 'jimelm',};const person = { ...datafromform, id: 2134, isadmin: false };console.log(person); // {email: 'jim@jimelm.com', password: '1234', username: 'jimelm', id: 2134, isadmin: false}
其余参数
休息与传播相反。它将一堆参数传递给函数并将它们组合成一个数组。一些例子包括:
function sum(...nums) { return nums.reduce((total, el) => total + el);}function raceresults(gold, silver, ...everyoneelse) { console.log(`gold metal goes to ${gold}`); console.log(`silver metal goes to ${silver}`); console.log(`and thanks to: ${everyoneelse}`);}
解构
解构数组
这是解构数组的示例:
const scores = [999, 888, 777, 666, 555, 444];const [gold, silver, bronze, ...otherscores] = scores;console.log(gold); // 999console.log(silver); // 888console.log(bronze); // 777console.log(otherscores); // [666, 555, 444]
解构对象
这里我们将解构一个对象:
const user = { email: 'marryelm@what.com', password: '134jsdf', firstname: 'marry', lastname: 'elm', born: 1927, died: 2091, city: 'hayward', state: 'ca',};const { email, state, city } = user;console.log(email); // marryelm@what.comconsole.log(state); // caconsole.log(city); // haywardconst { born: birthyear } = user;console.log(birthyear); // 1927
我们可以为变量指定默认值,如下所示:
const user2 = { email: 'stacy@what.com', firstname: 'stacy', lastname: 'kent', born: 1984, city: 'boise', state: 'id',};const { city, state, died } = user2;console.log(died); // undefinedconst { city, state, died = 'n/a' } = user2;console.log(died); // n/a
解构参数
我们还可以在函数参数内进行解构:
const user2 = { email: 'stacy@what.com', firstname: 'stacy', lastname: 'kent', born: 1984, city: 'boise', state: 'id',};function fullname({ firstname, lastname = '???' }) { return `${firstname} ${lastname}`;}
我们还可以在回调函数中进行解构:
const movies = [ { title: 'Indiana Jones', score: 77, year: 1994, }, { title: 'Star Trek', score: 94, year: 1983, }, { title: 'Deadpool', score: 79, year: 2001, },];let ratings = movies.map(({ title, score }) => { return `${title} is rated ${score}`;});console.log(ratings); // ['Indiana Jones is rated 77', 'Star Trek is rated 94', 'Deadpool is rated 79']