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JavaScript:默认参数、扩展运算符、剩余参数和解构!

百变鹏仔 3天前 #JavaScript
文章标签 参数

默认参数

我们可以直接在参数列表中添加默认值

function rolldie(numsides = 6) {  return math.floor(math.random() * numsides) + 1;}

这里,需要注意秩序。默认参数只能出现在任何没有默认值的参数之后:

function greet(person, msg = 'hey there', punc = '!') {  return `${msgs}, ${person}${punc}`;}

传播

spread 语法允许在需要零个或多个参数(对于函数调用)或元素(对于数组文字)的地方扩展可迭代对象,例如数组,或者在需要零个或多个键的地方扩展对象表达式需要 - 值对(对于对象文字)。 -mdn

我们可以在数组上使用展开运算符:

console.log(math.max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2)); // 5const nums = [4, 3, 53, 3, 5, 2, 4, 920, 3, 5, 2];console.log(math.max(...nums)); // 920

我们可以使用展开运算符来连接数组:

const cats = ['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim'];const dogs = ['doggo', 'sir barks a lot'];const allpets = [...cats, ...dogs, 'goldy'];console.log(allpets); //['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim', 'doggo', 'sir barks a lot', 'goldy']

我们可以使用 spread 将属性从一个对象复制到另一个对象:

const feline = {  legs: 4,  family: 'felidae',};const canine = {  family: 'canine',  furry: true,};const dog = { ...canine, ispet: true };console.log(dog); // {family: 'canine', furry: true, ispet: true}// note, order matters - the last property takes precidence:const catdog = { ...feline, ...canine };console.log(catdog); // {legs: 4, family: 'canine', furry: true}

在数组和字符串上传播使用索引作为键值:

let newobj = { ...[2, 4, 6, 8] };console.log(newobj); // {0: 2, 1: 4, 2: 6, 3: 8}let anotherobj = { ...'hello' };console.log(anotherobj); //{0: 'h', 1: 'e', 2: 'l', 3: 'l', 4: 'o'}

使用传播的一个更现实的例子是,如果我们想将数据添加到表单中:

const datafromform = {  email: 'jim@jimelm.com',  password: '1234',  username: 'jimelm',};const person = { ...datafromform, id: 2134, isadmin: false };console.log(person); // {email: 'jim@jimelm.com', password: '1234', username: 'jimelm', id: 2134, isadmin: false}

其余参数

休息与传播相反。它将一堆参数传递给函数并将它们组合成一个数组。一些例子包括:

function sum(...nums) {  return nums.reduce((total, el) => total + el);}function raceresults(gold, silver, ...everyoneelse) {  console.log(`gold metal goes to ${gold}`);  console.log(`silver metal goes to ${silver}`);  console.log(`and thanks to: ${everyoneelse}`);}

解构

解构数组

这是解构数组的示例:

const scores = [999, 888, 777, 666, 555, 444];const [gold, silver, bronze, ...otherscores] = scores;console.log(gold); // 999console.log(silver); // 888console.log(bronze); // 777console.log(otherscores); // [666, 555, 444]

解构对象

这里我们将解构一个对象:

const user = {  email: 'marryelm@what.com',  password: '134jsdf',  firstname: 'marry',  lastname: 'elm',  born: 1927,  died: 2091,  city: 'hayward',  state: 'ca',};const { email, state, city } = user;console.log(email); // marryelm@what.comconsole.log(state); // caconsole.log(city); // haywardconst { born: birthyear } = user;console.log(birthyear); // 1927

我们可以为变量指定默认值,如下所示:

const user2 = {  email: 'stacy@what.com',  firstname: 'stacy',  lastname: 'kent',  born: 1984,  city: 'boise',  state: 'id',};const { city, state, died } = user2;console.log(died); // undefinedconst { city, state, died = 'n/a' } = user2;console.log(died); // n/a

解构参数

我们还可以在函数参数内进行解构:

const user2 = {  email: 'stacy@what.com',  firstname: 'stacy',  lastname: 'kent',  born: 1984,  city: 'boise',  state: 'id',};function fullname({ firstname, lastname = '???' }) {  return `${firstname} ${lastname}`;}

我们还可以在回调函数中进行解构:

const movies = [  {    title: 'Indiana Jones',    score: 77,    year: 1994,  },  {    title: 'Star Trek',    score: 94,    year: 1983,  },  {    title: 'Deadpool',    score: 79,    year: 2001,  },];let ratings = movies.map(({ title, score }) => {  return `${title} is rated ${score}`;});console.log(ratings); // ['Indiana Jones is rated 77', 'Star Trek is rated 94', 'Deadpool is rated 79']